Data from the World Wind Energy Association (WWEA)
370 GW of globally installed wind capacity = 5% of world's electricity demand
50 GW installed in 2014
45 GW installed in 2014 in 12 leading countries for wind development
23 GW installed in 2014 in China - #1 wind power country
06 GW installed in 2014 in Germany
05 GW installed in 2014 in the US
03 GW installed in 2014 Brazil
Other notable wind countries and capacity by 2014-end: Spain (22.9 GW), India (22.4 GW), UK (11.9 GW), Canada (9.6 GW), France (9.2 GW), Italy (8.6 GW), Sweden (5.4 GW), and Denmark (4.8 GW).
Showing posts with label Năng lượng sạch. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Năng lượng sạch. Show all posts
VIDEO: What is demand response?
Nice and simple explanation about demand response from Boston-based ENERNOC - a energy solution provider.
US House approves PTC renewal
The US House of Representatives voted on 03 December 2014 in favour of a bill
that will extend dozens of expired tax breaks through to the end of
2014, including those that support renewable energy sources, such as the
Production Tax Credit (PTC).
Long-term phaseout of the PTC was not supported
The bill was presented on Monday following last week’s collapse of bipartisan negotiations around a package that would have included a longer-term phaseout of the PTC, which primarily benefits the wind industry. The phaseout was originally proposed as a way to wean wind producers off the tax credit.
Eligible projects
The tax breaks adopted on Wednesday include credits to support projects in renewable energy, biofuels and energy efficiency. They are on offer to projects under construction before the credit expires (31.12.2014) or where companies have made a minimum “safe harbor” investment to secure eligibility, meaning some new projects could qualify.
Industry views
Political action group, Governors’ Wind Energy Coalition, stated on Tuesday that wind industry lobbyists believe the extension does not go far enough for companies in the wind industry, as it often takes longer than one year to get projects in the ground.
When the PTC expired in 2013, new wind installations came to a halt, resulting in a 92% drop in new wind projects compared to 2012, a $23bn drop in private investment and nearly 30,000 American jobs were lost, according to the American Wind Energy Association.
Source:Clean Energy Pipeline and ReNews
- The Production Tax Credit (PTC) pays 2.3 cents/kWh during the first 10 years of wind farm operation.
- The Investment Tax Credit (ITC) - another tax break to support renewable energy - is worth up to 30% of the costs of developing and building wind projects.
Long-term phaseout of the PTC was not supported
The bill was presented on Monday following last week’s collapse of bipartisan negotiations around a package that would have included a longer-term phaseout of the PTC, which primarily benefits the wind industry. The phaseout was originally proposed as a way to wean wind producers off the tax credit.
Eligible projects
The tax breaks adopted on Wednesday include credits to support projects in renewable energy, biofuels and energy efficiency. They are on offer to projects under construction before the credit expires (31.12.2014) or where companies have made a minimum “safe harbor” investment to secure eligibility, meaning some new projects could qualify.
Industry views
Political action group, Governors’ Wind Energy Coalition, stated on Tuesday that wind industry lobbyists believe the extension does not go far enough for companies in the wind industry, as it often takes longer than one year to get projects in the ground.
When the PTC expired in 2013, new wind installations came to a halt, resulting in a 92% drop in new wind projects compared to 2012, a $23bn drop in private investment and nearly 30,000 American jobs were lost, according to the American Wind Energy Association.
Source:Clean Energy Pipeline and ReNews
More likely that offshore wind turbine will have a maximum capacity of 15MW by 2020
As of 2014, the maximum capacity of an offshore wind turbine is 7.5MW (Enercon E-126 7.5MW).
In my view, the finalisation of the 4-year Azimut project in
Spain which aims at enabling the development of a 15 MW offshore wind turbine
by 2010 has brought good news to the offshore wind energy market.
Below is an excerpt of the press release by Gamesa.
Below is an excerpt of the press release by Gamesa.
Ending of the Azimut project that will enable the
development of a 15 MW offshore wind turbine in 2020
- The Azimut Project has finalized successfully with important progress in technological advances, new materials, simulation tools and a web application.
- Eleven Spanish companies and 22 research centers, coordinated by Gamesa, have joined forces on the Azimut Project to enable the development of world’s largest capacity wind turbine by 2020.
Barcelona, 12 March 2014. The Azimut project, which aims to
enable the development of world’s largest capacity wind turbine by 2020, has
successfully completed their applied research activities undertaken during the
last 4 years. The project has reached the objective of generating knowledge as
well as key technologies that will enable the development of a turbine with
unit capacity of 15 MW. This turbine will be capable of overcoming the
technical and financial hurdles currently limiting the rollout of offshore wind
energy, such as availability and cost of energy.
The initiative brings together 11 companies, coordinated by
Gamesa, which include Acciona Windpower, Alstom Wind, Acciona Energía,
Iberdrola Renovables, Ingeteam, Imatia, Ingeciber, Digsilent Iberica, Técnicas
Reunidas, and Tecnitest.
With a 30.3 million euro budget spanning its 4-year
duration, this project, under the CENIT program of the CDTI, depending of the
Spanish Ministry of Economy, has allowed Spanish industry to fetch technology
leadership positions in wind energy generation in marine environments, and
helping European countries to comply with the target set by the European
Commission of 27% of energy consumption from renewable sources by 2030.
Upon its completion in December 2013, the different
companies have obtained important results in key areas mainly developing new
technologies, testing process and models, and creating a new web application.
http://www.noodls.com/view/9B32344A1A37F87A8B263039C48FC12FDDA026BF?1504xxx1394633926
Mini-bonds: Overview and examples
Mini-bonds and retail bonds
Similarity
- They are not covered by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme and considered as risky investments. (Hargreaves Lansdown investment expert Adrian Lowcock)
- They are smaller in size compared with corporate bonds or government bonds and are issued by smaller firms.
- Mini-bonds are not listed on the stock exchange, or on any other platform, while retail bonds are listed on the London Stock Exchange’s Order Book for Retail Bonds.
- Mini-bonds need to be held until expiry some years later while retail bonds on the ORB can be bought and sold during normal market hours, allowing investors the opportunity to both value and sell the bond.
These are also the risks associated with investing in
mini-bonds and, in exchange, the mini-bond yield is higher than retail bonds.
A few examples of mini-bonds in the UK renewable energy sector
October 2010 Ecotricity
Ecotricity, a UK-based provider of electricity through
renewable energy, raised £10 million through the launch of “EcoBonds” to its
40,000 business customers including body shops, EMI and co-operative banks,
small and medium sized businesses, organic food retailers, local authorities,
and schools. These are four year bonds with an interest rate of 7% (Ecotricity
customers qualify for an improved rate of 7.5%). Minimum investment was set at
$500 to encourage small investors to participate. The £10 million raised will
fund Ecotricity’s equity investment in 12 wind farms then in development in the
UK. The total aggregate projects costs will be £25-£30 million. Ecotricity will
fund the remainder through debt financing from the banks. The Ecobond funding
will also go toward initial development of solar projects and research and
development into tidal energy.
September 2013 A Shade
Greener
A similar offering came from UK-based A Shade Greener which is aiming to
raise £10m from small investors (min. £1000) by offering 3 year retail
bonds at 6% annual return, but with an interesting twist – all
the interest paid upfront as a lump sum. The company will use the proceeds to
install panels at no cost to the householder and collects the feed-in tariff
payments. As with the CBD bond, this must be held for three years until
maturity.
October 2013 Good Energy Group plc
Good Energy Group plc set out to raise £5 million through a
retail bond offering to finance investment in solar and wind energy generation.
Within three weeks, Good Energy easily met their target, closing the book at
£15m three weeks ahead of schedule. The bond offers investors a coupon of 7.25%
per annum, paid every half-year. It has an initial term of four years and investments
can be executed in multiples of £500 with no upper limit.
December 2013 Secured Energy Bond
Australia-based CBD Energy offered a “Secured Energy Bond”
to raise finance to install solar panels for chosen UK businesses at no cost to
the business but with income derived from Feed-In Tariffs. The bond is secured
against the assets of the company and also has a corporate guarantee from the
parent company. It will pay an annual coupon of 6.5%. The minimum investment
into the bond is £2,000 for a 3 year fixed term and as the bond is
non-transferable, it has to be held to maturity in late 2016.
The EU Climate and Energy Package (a.k.a. The "20-20-20" Package)
In 2009, the EU adopted the Climate and Energy Package as part of the reform of the European Energy Market. The package focuses on emission cuts, renewables and energy efficiency, and is often referred to as the "20-20-20" package. The following targets by 2020 were set for EU member states:
The renewable energy targets for each country are as followed:
- 20% reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions from the 1990s levels
- 20% of EU energy consumption is from renewable sources
- 20% improvement in the EU's energy efficiency
The renewable energy targets for each country are as followed:
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